Car hire Portugal

Introduction

Portugal is a popular holiday destination. This country in the west of Europe offers beautiful beaches, good accommodations and magnificent nature. Cities like Lisbon and Porto are certainly worth a visit and you can enjoy the delicious Mediterranean kitchen. The sunny climate makes your trip to this country complete.

History

The first inhabitants of what is now Portugal were Celts and Lusitanians. From 200 BC, the country was inhabited by the Romans, who stayed for about 600 years. After a short Germanic domination, the Islamic Moors took control. The Moorish occupation lasted for centuries.

The kingdom of Portugal emerged in the 12th century. Portugal seceded from Galicia and the country was declared independent by the Burgundian knight Henry. When the knight died, he was succeeded by his son Afonso Henriques. This man became the first official king of Portugal. In 1385, John I became king of the country. He managed to prevent neighboring countries from conquering Portugal. Henry the Navigator was the son of John I. He made many voyages of discovery that were very important for the construction of Portugal's global empire.

In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal became a major colonial power. At the beginning of the 16th century, Portugal occupied areas in Africa, America and the Middle East. Nevertheless, Philip II of Spain took over control of Portugal in 1580. The Spanish occupation lasted until 1640. The Duke of Bragança organized a coup and assumed the throne as John IV. In 1775, the capital Lisbon was hit by an earthquake that destroyed the city and other parts of the country.

In 1807, Portugal was conquered by Napoleon and his men. With the help of Great Britain Portugal managed to remove the last of the French troops from the country in 1812. Between 1808 and 1821, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil was the capital of Portugal. In 1822, Brazil declared its independence. This returned the position of capital of Portugal to Lisbon.

A century later (1910) the monarchy came to an end. Portugal became a republic, and Teófilo Braga the first president. This period was characterized by political instability. Various governments succeeded each other and no fewer than nine presidents resigned. Shortly after, the First World War started. Economically instable Portugal joined the Allies. During a right wing nationalist revolution in 1926, the republican government was overthrown.

Antonio de Oliveira Salazar was president of Portugal until 1968. His politics were a mixture of Catholic corporatism and fascism. During the Spanish civil war (1936-1939) he supported Franco. During the Second World War, Portugal remained neutral. Later, Portugal was a co-founder of NATO (North-Atlantic Treaty Organisation). Salazar's reign was characterized by colonial wars. Salazar's regime became internationally isolated.

During the 'Carnation Revolution' in 1974, Salazar's right wing leadership was ended. Portugal became a political democracy. Left wing and right wing governments succeeded each other. In 1986, Portugal became a member of the European Union (EU). In the 1990's the country gave its colony Macau back to the Chinese. Since that time, Portugal no longer is a colonial power.

Society and Culture

Portugal has over 10 million inhabitants. The country is sparsely populated and it has a negative population growth. Many Portuguese emigrated in the 1960's. In the 1970's Portugal once more became an attractive place to live, and many people returned. At the moment, many Portuguese (about three million) for economic reasons remain in countries like France, Germany, US, Canada and Venezuela. Five percent of the Portuguese population is made up of immigrants. Most immigrants are from Ukraine, Brazil, Cape Verde and Angola. Also, many people are living illegally in Portugal. A large portion of the population lives in the major cities: Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Aveiro and Coimbra.

About 97% of the Portuguese supports the Roman-Catholic church. In addition, there are Protestants, Muslims, Hindus and Jews. Portuguese is the official language. It is spoken throughout the country (apart from some small villages). It is a Romanic language that resembles the Spanish language. Worldwide, more than 160 million people speak Portuguese.

Architecture is characteristic of Portuguese culture. The country's architecture has been influenced by many cultures with which the country has been in touch (especially the Moorish and Roman cultures). This influence is also visible in the Portuguese festivals, music and literature. Portugal is famous for its Fado. This is the Portuguese music. It is a particular way of singing and it plays an important role in the lives of the Portuguese people. Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. In addition, many other sports are practiced. The Portuguese love their festivals and have them in abundance. The Portuguese people are friendly and they are known as hard workers.

Political Situation

Portugal has a parliamentary democracy. The four pillars of Portuguese politics are the president, the parliament, the government and the (high) courts. The constitution guarantees the separation of powers. The government answers to the president and parliament. The president is elected every five years through universal suffrage. Parliament consists of one chamber with 250 members.

The government is formed by the PS. This is a socialist party. Anibal Cavaco Silva has been the president of Portugal since 2006. He is a member of the PSD; a conservative party. Both the PS and the PSD are market-oriented and in favor of European unification. Since 2005, José Socrates is the prime minister. The prime minister is appointed by the president.

Generally speaking, the Portuguese have a positive attitude towards Europe. Although abortion is currently illegal, it will be discussed again in the near future. Gay rights are improving. Since 1976 women are allowed to vote as well.

Economy

Portugal has a market economy. Membership of the European Union in 1986 has benefited the Portuguese economy. Unemployment has fallen and the country has the fastest growing economy in the European Union. However, Portugal has a negative trade balance and inflation is high. It is the goal of the present government to implement market liberalization and privatization and reduce bureaucracy. This should improve Portugal's competitive position.

The service sector is very important to the Portuguese economy. A part of this is tourism. Every year, 10 to 20 million tourists visit the country. A disadvantage of this is that the economy may come to depend on tourism. The industrial sector also employs a large part of the professional population. Most companies are small and industry has not developed as far in Portugal as it has in many other European countries. Important industries are textiles, shipping, fish canning, wine and petrochemical industry. Important trade partners of Portugal are, among others, the US, Spain and Germany. The country exports wine, textile, clothing, canned fish and cork (Portugal controls 50% of the world's cork market). Important import products are oil, machines, iron and steel.

Agriculture also plays a role in the economy. Thanks to the financial support from the EU, Portugal is able to modernize its agricultural sector and increase production. Agriculture and viniculture yield products like olive oil, wine, wheat and corn. Especially Port wine is exported. Fishery is also an important element in the country's food supply. Mining yields hardly any raw materials.

Geography and Climate

Portugal is located at the western tip of Europe. Together with Spain it makes up the Iberian Peninsula. In the north and east Portugal borders on Spain, and in the south and west it touches the Atlantic Ocean. Portugal covers a surface of more than 92,000 square kilometers. Its coastline is more than 950 kilometers long (including the islands). The coastline is characterized by beautiful beaches, dune formations and rocks. Especially the Algarve (the southern coastal strip) is known for this.

The Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. These islands are situated in the Atlantic Ocean. Some of the islands have active volcanoes. Portugal is divided in half by the Tagus River (Tejo). The landscape in the north is mountainous. The south consists predominantly of hilly landscapes (apart from the coastal areas). The highest point of the country is on the island of Pico. The mountain top 'Ponta do Pico' is no less than 2,351 meters high. Next to the Tagus, the Douro is also a large river. Other rivers are Guadiana, Minho, Mondego and Sado. The capital of Portugal is Lisbon, which has almost three million inhabitants. Other important cities are Porto, Amadora, Braga, Coimbra and Funchal.

The largest part of Portugal has a Mediterranean climate. In the summer it is hot and dry and in the winter it is cool and rainy. The Algarve has over 3,000 hours of sunshine a year. In the south of Portugal there is a warmer, drier climate than in the north. The average temperature on the mainland is 15 degrees Centigrade in the north and 18 in the south. This makes Portugal one of the warmest countries in Europe. August is the warmest month, and inland temperatures can reach up to 40 degrees Centigrade.

Increasing drought is a climatological problem facing the country. The increasing drought often leads to forest fires in the summer.

Traffic and Infrastructure

The number of cars and the industrialization have increased tremendously in recent years. In the area of transport, many improvements have been made since 1990. The road network measures almost 70,000 kilometers and is in good condition. Especially the roads between the big cities are maintained well. The people drive on the right side of the road. Speed limits are indicated in kilometers. Public transport is to a large extent in the hands of the state company Rodoviária Nacional (RN). In addition, services are also being offered by private companies. Especially in major cities, public transport is extensive.

The length of the railway network is about 2,850 km. Traveling by train is not very expensive. The national railway company (CP) has three kinds of services. There are trains that stop almost anywhere (Regional) and trains that only stop in the major cities (Intercidade). Between Lisbon and Porto there is an express train (Rapido). Lisbon and Porto also have a good metro network. Construction of a TGV train between Porto, Lisbon and Madrid (Spain) has been planned for 2008.

The most important airports are in Lisbon (Lisbon Portela Airport), Faro (Faro Airport) and Porto (Porto Airport). The latter two airports have recently been improved. The most important airports on the Portuguese islands are the airports of Madeira (Madeira Airport), Porto Santo (Porto Santo Airport) and Ponta Delgada (Ponta Delgada Airport).

Sea ports are of great importance to Portugal. Many goods are transported by sea. The two main ports are Lisbon and Porto. From Lisbon, every 15 minutes there is a ferry across the Tagus to the suburb of Cacilhas.

Time zone

Portugal is on Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). It is, therefore, one hour earlier than the European mainland. In spring, the clock is put ahead one hour.

Food and drink

The Portuguese kitchen is very diverse. There are many Mediterranean dishes. Many dishes are prepared with fresh fish. Crab, lobster, shrimp, but also cheaper species like sardines, are eaten often. The dishes are prepared in various ways. This often depends on the region. A well-known Portuguese dish is bacalhau: dried and salted codfish. Many Portuguese start their meals with soup. The Portuguese kitchen also includes many meat dishes: beef, pork, lamb and chicken. In the north of the country, meat is often stewed in an earthen pot (a pacura). Many dishes are prepared with olive oil. In restaurants it is customary to leave a 10% tip. Officially, tips are included in the bill.

Portugal produces many delicious wines, and it is a popular drink. Especially Port wine is a famous export product, and the Portuguese are proud of this. The wines are made from grapes that are cultivated on the Portuguese slopes. The wines are very good and vary from acceptable to very exclusive. In principle, it is possible to drink Portuguese tap water. Sometimes the water has a chloride taste. In that case you are recommended to buy mineral water. Especially outside of the cities, it is best to drink bottled water.

Accommodation

Portugal is geared towards the millions of tourists that visit the country every year. There are various kinds of accommodations available. There are holiday cottages, guest rooms, hotels, inns and campsites. There are unique campsites among the vineyards, but there are also very large and luxurious family campsites. The accommodations in Portugal are known for their good quality. The Algarve is a popular holiday destination. Here, many tourists enjoy the beautiful beaches, the sun and the sea.

External Sources

For more information about Portugal, we recommend Google, and the following sources:

• Wikipedia, Portugal
• Website from the Portuguese Government concerning Investments, Trade and Tourism
• Website about tourism in Portugal